The Great Gandhi (1869-1948)

(1869–1948). Considered to be the father of modern India, Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of his country's independence movement. He led the Indian people in nonviolent protest against British rule when India was a colony of Great Britain. His efforts on behalf of Indians earned him the title Mahatma, meaning “great soul.”

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India. He grew up in a religious home where he was influenced by two Indian religions—Hinduism and Jainism. Two of Jainism's central ideas are nonviolence and the belief that everything in the universe is eternal.
During his years at school, Mohandas was considered an average student. In 1887 he finished his studies at the University of Bombay. He then moved to England in September 1888 to study law in London.
In London Gandhi spent some of his time reading philosophy. He discovered the political theory of nonviolence in an essay called Civil Disobedience by U.S. writer Henry David Thoreau. This idea, coupled with the religious teachings of his childhood, shaped Gandhi's social and political thought. In 1891 Gandhi returned to India. His career as a lawyer in India, however, was not successful.
Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893. He had no intention of staying for long. However, the living conditions of Indians in the British colony of Natal changed his mind. He became actively involved in the affairs of Natal's Indian community. Gandhi succeeded in drawing the public's attention to the problems of Natal's Indians.
Gandhi remained loyal to the British Empire during South Africa's Boer War. At the outbreak of the war between the British and Dutch in 1899, he urged Indians to support the British. The British victory in 1902 brought little relief to the Indians in the Transvaal, a British colony. In 1906 the British in the Transvaal ordered the Indian population to register their names with the government. Under Gandhi's leadership, the Transvaal Indians defied the order. They willingly suffered the penalties of the British government. Thus was born Satyagraha, or “devotion to truth.” It was a new method of political protest. Satyagraha tried to correct injustices by accepting the attacks of political opponents. It also meant resisting an opponent without bitterness or violence.

Gandhi returned to India in early 1915. In February 1919 he protested against a law allowing the British to imprison Indians without trial. In response to the law, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha against the British rulers in India.
He ended the satyagraha after a crowd of Indians was attacked by British police. By the autumn of 1920, however, Gandhi was the leading political figure in India. Gandhi's followers boycotted British goods as well as British institutions in India, such as legislatures, courts, offices, and schools. This mass civil disobedience stunned the entire country. Gandhi was arrested on March 10, 1922. He was tried for treason and sentenced to prison for six years.
In 1930, in protest of a tax on salt, Gandhi led thousands of Indians on a 200-mile (320-kilometer) march to the sea to make their own salt. As a result, the British imprisoned more than 60,000 people. A year later, Gandhi accepted a truce and called off the civil disobedience movement.
With the outbreak of Worldwar2, the Indian nationalist struggle entered its last phase. Gandhi demanded immediate independence as India's price for aiding Britain in the war. He was imprisoned for the third time, from 1942 to 1944.
In 1947 India was granted independence from Britain. With independence, however, India's land was divided into two new countries: India and Pakistan. The new nation of India contained mostly Hindus while Pakistan contained a majority of Muslims. This geographical and religious separation was a great disappointment to Gandhi. Before and after India's division, the country was torn by clashes between Hindus and Muslims. During this period, Gandhi tried to end the conflict between the two groups of people. His efforts to restore peace were resented by people in both groups. On January 30, 1948, in the city of Delhi, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu man.
Gandhi was one of the greatest political and social leaders in the 20th century. His use of nonviolent protest eventually led to his country's independence. Within his country, he supported the rights of both Hindus and Muslims. He also sought better treatment for the lowest members of Indian society.

HAIL STONE

A Hail Stone is not a stone at all but a small stone of ice. It start it's life from a thundercloud as a tiny ball of snow. The ball is tosed up and down in the cloud so often that it gets coated with layers of ice, like a layer of an onion. Eventually these ice skips , and come down to earth as a Hail Stone.

A MESENGER REMEMBERED

You have all heard about marathon race, in which the participant run across very long distance. The game was first held to honour the memory of ancient Greek soldier, who made a heroic long distance run just to communicate a message. It happened in B.C. 490. In that year Greece fought with Persia were miraculously defeated by the comparatively Greek army. A Greek soldier named Pheidippider was sent from Marathon to Athens to announce the victory. It is said that he ran the entire distance of 40km with out stopping, but moments after proclaiming his message to city he collapsed dead, from exhaustion.

DA VINCI CODE

The artist and scientist Leonardo DA Vince made

thousends of drawing and observation in his note

books, but his note appears to be made in a secret

code, DA Vince was left handed and his writing goes

right to left. It can be read properly if held up in

front of a mirror.

BOY FOR SALE!

Smart boy. Talented in all types of work including

cooking and working as a butler. Ready to show the

boy to any gentle man who needs his service. For

detailed information apply immediately.

This is an advertisement which appears Hickey's Bengal Gazette published on 6Th December 1780, the first newspaper in India

Amazing Antartica

Antarctica is the coldest place on earth.It's

freezing air tends to be extremely dry because

very cold air holds only a small amount of

water vapour

Ozone Deplection

Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere since around 1980; and a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions during the same period. The latter phenomenon is commonly referred to as the ozone hole.
In addition to this well-known stratospheric ozone depletion, there are also tropospheric ozone depletion events, which occur near the surface in polar regions during spring.
The detailed mechanism by which the polar ozone holes form is different from that for the mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both trends is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic chlorine and bromine.[1] The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds, commonly called freons, and of bromofluorocarbon compounds known as halons. These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. Both ozone depletion mechanisms strengthened as emissions of CFCs and halons increased.
CFCs, halons and other contributory substances are commonly referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (270–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol banning the production of CFCs and halons as well as related ozone depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer, damage to plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion.

Global waming

The term "global warming" is a specific example of the broader termclimate change, which can also refer to global cooling. In common usage the term refers to recent warming and implies a human influence.[6] The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) uses the term "climate change" for human-caused change, and "climate variability" for other changes.[7] The term "anthropogenic global warming" is sometimes used when focusing on human-induced changes.
Earth's climate changes in response to external forcing, including variations in its orbit around the sun (orbital forcing),[8][9][10] volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus[11] identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available. In contrast to the scientific consensus that recent warming is mainly attributable to elevated levels of greenhouse gases, other hypotheses have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature. One such hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.[12][13][14][15]
None of the effects of forcing are instantaneous. The thermal inertia of the Earth's oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that the Earth's current climate is not in equilibrium with the forcing imposed. Climate commitment studies indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur.[16]

AMAZING ANTARTICA

Antartica is coldest place on earth. It's freezng air tends to be extermily dry because very cold air holds only a small amount of water vapour.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Warming of Earth's surface and lover atmosphere that tends to intencify with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and certain other gases. Visible light from the sun,heat the Earth's surface. Part of energy is reradiated in the form of long -wave Infrared Rdiations, much of hich is aborded by molecules of crbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere and reradiated back towards the surface as more heat.
This process is analogous to the glass panes of green house that transmit sun light but hold heat. the trapping of nfrared radiations causes the Earth's surface and love atmosphere to warm more than they otherwase would,making the surface haitable. the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by widespread combustion of fossil fuels may intencify the greenhouse effect and cause long-term climtic change.
An increase in atmospheic concentractions of other trace gases such as chloroflurocarbon, nitrous oxide and methane may also aggravate green house condetions. It is estimatd that since the begening of ndustrial revolution the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide has incresed 30%, while the amount of methane has doubled. Today the U.S. is responsible for about one fifty of all human produced greenhouse gas emmission.

BIRD TO THE BATTLE FRONT!

The cavalryman of Media in fifth centuary won many wars aganst the greeks riding very unusual mounts into battle. They rode ostriches, nt horses!

GIANT CAT FISH

In Japan,people thought earthquakes were caused by a gaint cat fishwriggling about on the sea bed . The god has to put a rock on the fish's head to make it stay still!

THE STORY OF PEPER

The origin of paper dates back to the early Egyptian Civilisations. TheEgyptian used the stalks of the Papyrus plant to the maufacture a material resembling paper.
Over the centuaries several changes have been made and many new materials used in paper making process, but the basic of most paper is still fiber of plant.

COMMUNICATION{bow-bow theory}

We all know that when a dog bark it goes'bow-bow. But how does that explain the orgi of langauge?
According to the bow-bow theory, langauge began as initation of the sound made by the animals andoter natural sounds. Thus the word 'moo'describes the noise of cow, while 'meow' sound just like a kitten cry and 'plop'sound just like a drop of water falling.
But this is only a theory and many people don't agree with it.

LITTLE BOY AND FAT MAN

Both the Littleboy and the Fatman are two important characters of the dark history of humanity.Littleboy was the nick name given to the uranium bomb dropedin Hirosima during second world war. Fatman was pseudonym bomb thrown in Nagasaky. Littleboy caused the death of 1,00,000 peoples and Fatman daimed 75,000 lives. The famous scientist Albert Einstein was the master brain behind the makig of Atomic Bomb. On 6th august 1945 America put atombomb in Hirosima and on 9th in Nagasaki.August 6th is commemorated as Hirosima day.

FIRST FARMER

It is a story before 10,000 years. In that time human beings was living in forest. They ate uncooked foods.One day he ate fruits and throw it away to a muddy land. After a few days he saw leaves come from that seed. That's how our ancestors know that, plants can made from seeds
This is a story based on the invention of agriculture. It's only a story,the real thing is not invented.